YOU WERE LOOKING FOR: Biology 121 Exam 1
Centrasome c. Golgi apparatus d. Enzymes Enzymes are catalysts, chemicals that speed up chemical reactions. The conditions inside most cells do not allow reactions to proceed quickly enough to support life. For example, temperatures inside organisms...
Photosynthesis c. Hydoplasm d. Digestion Inside cells, sequences of chemical reactions take place to support life. These sequences are known as metabolic pathways. Photosynthesis, respiration, and digestion are all examples of metabolic pathways, or...
Phototaxis c. Photosynthesis d. All of the above Photosynthesis is the process plant cells use to convert oxygen, water and sunlight into a usable form of energy. The product of photosynthesis is glucose sugar molecules. Glucose molecules are a form of potential energy that can be broken down by an organism to produce energy in the form of ATP molecules. Gene c. Protein d. Nucleus A gene is the basic unit of heredity. Genes are made of DNA sequences and act as instructions for making proteins although not all genes make proteins. Genes are found on chromosomes. Double c. Quadruple d. The DNA molecule looks like a twisted ladder and is referred to as a double helix.
Each nucleotide contains a sugar molecule and a phosphate group, along with a nitrogen base. Genes are located within the cytoplasm of the cell. Hydrochloric acid c. Ribonucleic acid d. In the ribosome, the information coded onto messenger RNA is used to make proteins. When sexual reproduction occurs in multicellular organisms, a process takes place before cells fuse whereby a cell is left with half of its chromosomes, enabling the creation of a cell with a characteristic chromosome number.
What is this process called? Osmosis c. Anabolism d. Differentiation During meiosis, gametes sex cells are formed by reducing the number of chromosomes found in somatic body cells by one half. This occurs so that when two gametes, one from each parent, fuse together, the embryo will contain the correct number of chromosomes. Without meiosis, offspring cells would contain double the number of chromosomes of normal adults and they would not be viable. Which of the following represents the largest group of biological classification? Kingdom c. Class d. Genus Biology uses a system of classification to group organisms together based on their characteristics. The levels of classification, from largest most inclusive to smallest most specific , include domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
There are two types of cells, eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Which of the following cellular structures are found in both types of cell? Prokaryotic cells are found in bacteria and their structure is much more simple than eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells have a few simple cellular structures such as a nucleoid region, ribosomes, and a plasma membrane. Eukaryotic cells have more highly developed cellular structures including organelles that support the function of the cell. Golgi apparatus and mitochondria are found in eukaryotic cells. Chloroplasts are found in eukaryotic cells that contain chlorophyll, such as plants.
What it is the name given to specialized structures within cells responsible for carrying out specific functions such as providing energy and producing hormones? Mitiosis c. Archaeans d. Organelles Organelles are specialized structures in cells that support the cellular functions. For example, mitochondria are organelles that synthesize energy; ribosomes synthesize protein; chloroplasts convert sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugar.
Internal complexity c. Size d. Ecological relationships Unicellular organisms are very small compared to most multicellular organisms. If they were as large as a multicellular organism, their surface area to volume ratio would be too low to support life. Staying small gives unicellular organisms a high surface area to volume ratio.
Larger cells have less surface area compared to their volume. Molecules move into the cell, out of the cell and through the cell slowly through the cell membrane. Having a large surface area provides more space for molecules to diffuse across the cell membrane and less of a distance to travel inside the cell to supply organelles with materials needed for metabolism. How many chromosomes does an individual human person have?
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Please, describe five facts that support the hypothesis that plastids evolved from prokaryotic cells that used to co-exist with ancient eukaryotic cells in a symbiotic relationship. Plastid is enclosed by a double membrane. Plastid possesses its own DNA. The process of DNA replication, transcription, and translation occur in the stroma of the plastid. Thylakoids in a plastid are analogous to the invagination of the plasma membrane in cyanobacteria. The formation of the various plastids especially chloroplast from proplastids exhibits the complex development of the stroma. Plastids replicate proliferate independently from cell division. Please, name the three properties of the function of a microscope. Also, define the meaning of each property and describe what can be done to influence each property.
The use of different objective lenses and sometimes ocular lenses influences the level of magnification. Contrast is the ability to distinguish the object or specimen from the background. Staining the object using a variety of techniques can increase contrast. The use of specialized microscopes like phase-contrast and differential-interference-contrast can also enhance contrast.
Resolution or Resolving Power is the ability to identify two objects or lines as separate entity, with respect to the distance between them. Objective lenses also have a built-in control for resolution. Please, describe one advantage of quick-freezing tissues in liquid nitrogen over fixing them in formalin. Quick-frozen tissues retain the structure and properties of the original tissue at the time of resection. The structure of formalin-fixed tissues have been severely altered. These tissues can be used in fewer techniques compared to frozen tissues. Please, describe one advantage of fixing tissues in formalin over quick-freezing them in liquid nitrogen.
Formalin-fixed tissues are tough and can be stored for a very long time under proper conditions. Please, describe one advantage of using a eukaryotic cell strain over a eukaryotic cell line. Any disease or abnormality that is exhibited in the organism at the time these cells were collected will persist in the cell strain. Please, describe on advantage of using a eukaryotic cell line over a eukaryotic cell strain. Cells in a cell line are immortal, which means that they have the ability to grow undergo cell division indefinitely. Please, describe the function of trypsinization that is, what is the purpose of this technique? Also be sure to name the specific enzyme and describe the function of this enzyme during trypsinization. Trypsinization is the process used to dislodge or release cultured cells from the substratum like a culture plate. Trypsinization involves the use of a protease called trypsin.
The digestion of these integral membrane proteins frees the cells from the substratum. You need to describe what happens to the plate. Plastic culture plates can be treated by irradiation. The extra energy excites these electrons which causes them to be expelled from atoms of the polymer. The loss of electrons causes the plate to become positively charged. How does this treatment help cell grow in culture? Most cells cannot grow in suspension. They are required to attach to some kind of substratum [and spread out] before being able to grow or divide. The Resolution or Resolving Power of a microscope is numerically expressed as D, where 0. Please, explain why adding the drop of mineral oil would help increase the resolution.
The resolving power is inversely proportional to D; that is, the smaller the value of D, the higher the resolution. According to the equation given above, the value of D can be decreased thereby, increasing the resolving power by decreasing the wavelength l of light used, increasing the refractive index n , or increasing the angle of incidence of emitted light a or any combination of these variables.
Without the drop of oil, the light that passed through the specimen and reached the objective lens is refracted by air, which has a refractive index of 1. The refractive index of oil is 1. Please, name six of your favorite organelles and describe the major function of each. Also, indicate whether each organelle is enclosed by a single or double membrane. Nucleus: A double membrane-bound organelle whose main function is to store the cell genetic material, DNA. DNA replication and transcription also occur here. Rough endoplasmic reticulum: A single membrane-bound organelle whose main function is to synthesize secreted- and membrane-bound proteins. Some post-translational modifications also occur here. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: A single membrane-bound organelle whose main function is to synthesize lipids. Golgi Apparatus: A single membrane-bound organelle consists of many compartments called cisternae whose main function is to sort, package, and transport secreted- and membrane-bound proteins.
Plastid: A double membrane-bound organelle chloroplast is the most common , found only in plant cells, whose main function is to undergo photosynthesis to provide glucose for the process of cellular respiration. Other types of plastids also store starch and photosynthetic pigments. Lysosome: A single membrane-bound organelle whose main function is to degrade all macromolecules including carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acid, and especially polypeptides. Peroxisome: A single membrane-bound organelle whose main function is to metabolize hydrogen peroxide. Degradation of smaller macromolecules like fatty acid and short peptides also occurs here.
Toxins [to the cell] can also be processed here. Central vacuole: A single membrane-bound organelle, found only in plant cells, whose main function is to create and maintain turgor pressure. Endosome: A single membrane-bound organelle that is involved in the process of endocytosis and exocytosis. This is not a permanent organelle, only exists transiently. Please, describe three characteristics of the phospholipid that can cause the cell membrane to be more fluid-like. Fatty acid residues of the phospholipids can have a variety of lengths.
The backbone of each fatty acid can contain between 8 and 32 carbons. Each phospholipid rotates around its long axis. The fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated. The double bond found in some unsaturated fatty acid can exist in the cis-configuration, which puts a kink or bend in the backbone. Please, describe why the evolution for a mitochondrion was necessary. Be sure to provide at least three supporting facts that indicate that this evolution did actually occur.
The ancient eukaryotic cells were getting bigger and more complex, which means that they require more energy for cell functions. Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from ancient prokaryotes that were engulfed by the anaerobic eukaryotic cell. Supporting facts that indicate that this evolution did actually occur include: a.
Tyler Miller Chapter 1 What does living sustainably mean p. How rapidly is the human population growing p. What is GDP p. What are developed countries, developing countries p. Where are most developing countries located p. Why do poor people often have many children p. Why is solar energy called a perpetual resource p.
What is a sustainable yield p. What is the 'Tragedy of the Commons'? What is an ecological footprint p. How does the per capita ecological footprint of U. What are nonrenewable resources and what are 3 examples p. What is pollution p. What are 3 unwanted effects of pollutants p. What are the 2 basic approaches to dealing with pollution p. Why do environmentalists and some economists urge an emphasis on prevention p. The environmental impact of a population depends on what 3 factors p. Chapter 2 - What is a planetary management worldview p. What are the basic environmental beliefs of this worldview Figure ; p. Why do some believe that any human-centered worldview will fail p. What is the 'environmental-wisdom worldview' p. Chapter 4 - What is a species p. What is a population, habitat p.
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